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Guides and calculators for the engineers who specify, install and commission energy monitoring.
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112 guides · 62 calculators and reference tables
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- Electrical measurement Three-phase power, kW and kWh, power factor, current transformers, Rogowski coils and submetering.
- Meter interfaces Pulse outputs, wired M-Bus, Modbus RTU, P1 ports and analogue signals from the meters a site already has.
- Protocols and data BACnet, OPC UA, MQTT, IEC 60870 and IEC 61850, SCADA, wireless networks and data quality.
- Flexibility and grid codes Virtual power plants, peak shaving, demand response, battery storage, frequency response and grid codes.
- Building performance Energy management systems, baseload, savings measurement, equipment performance and condition monitoring.
- Planning and commissioning Project worksheets and commissioning checks for pulse, M-Bus, Modbus and analogue connections.
Start here
- kW vs kWh: the difference between power and energy kW is power; kWh is energy. Convert between them, derive average power from an energy counter, and distinguish energy and demand charges.
- Three-phase power formula and measurement Three-phase kW, kVA and kvar: line and phase values in star and delta, the power formula and metering on an unbalanced circuit.
- Selecting current transformers (CTs) for energy monitoring How to size a CT for the real load, read its accuracy class, keep the secondary burden within rating and match the output to the meter.
- Modbus troubleshooting: timeouts, exceptions and wrong values Diagnose Modbus timeouts, exception 02, incorrect decoded values and frozen readings, with raw RTU frames and timing at 9600 baud.
Calculators
All 62 calculators- kW to amps Convert kW or kVA to amps, or amps to kW or kVA, for DC, single-phase and three-phase circuits.
- Voltage drop Voltage drop on a cable run, and the smallest cable size that keeps it within 3% or 5%.
- Three-phase power Work out active, reactive and apparent power for a balanced three-phase load from voltage, current and power factor.
- CT ratio and burden Work out a CT's secondary current and check its rated burden covers the meter and the lead loop.
- Modbus address converter Work out which register a device map means: zero-based offset, one-based number or 40001-style reference.
- 4-20 mA scaling Scale a 4-20 mA signal to engineering units or back, including square-root flow.
All guides and calculators
- Three-phase power formula and measurement Three-phase kW, kVA and kvar: line and phase values in star and delta, the power formula and metering on an unbalanced circuit.
- kW vs kWh: the difference between power and energy kW is power; kWh is energy. Convert between them, derive average power from an energy counter, and distinguish energy and demand charges.
- Power factor, kW and kVA explained What power factor is, how kW, kVA and kvar relate, the 0.95 tariff threshold, true versus displacement power factor, and how to read power factor from a meter.
- True RMS measurement in energy metering What true RMS means, why average-responding instruments misread distorted current, and why an RMS current reading alone does not give kW or kWh.
- Negative power readings and meter reconciliation Distinguish power export from reversed CTs or phase errors, and reconcile a main meter with submeters within the meters' accuracy.
- Solar PV monitoring: generation, self-consumption and export Measure solar generation, grid import and export, calculate self-consumption, and avoid double-counting battery energy. Includes a worked interval example.
- Selecting current transformers (CTs) for energy monitoring How to size a CT for the real load, read its accuracy class, keep the secondary burden within rating and match the output to the meter.
- Rogowski coils for energy monitoring: how they work and how to choose one Rogowski coils and integrators for AC current: low-load accuracy, sizing, fitting and commissioning compared with split-core CTs.
- Conductor size, voltage drop and CT aperture Convert AWG and mm², estimate conductor resistance and voltage drop, and check measured cable dimensions against current-sensor apertures.
- High-accuracy electricity metering Class 0.5S meter limits, CT accuracy classes, how CT phase error grows at low power factor, MID billing classes and how to commission a metering chain.
- Operational monitoring, revenue metering and settlement Choose metering for energy analysis, billing, market settlement, power quality and protection. One meter is not proof for every purpose.
- Electricity submetering in commercial buildings Choose submetering points, reconcile the metering tree with the main meter, reuse existing meters and find installation faults that corrupt data.
- Wireless vs wired energy monitoring for retrofits How to choose between wireless and wired energy monitoring in an existing building: power, data path, reporting rate, installation work and failure behaviour.
- AWG to mm² Convert conductor sizes between AWG and mm².
- Conductor resistance Estimate the DC resistance of a conductor run at its operating temperature.
- CT ratio and burden Work out a CT's secondary current and check its rated burden covers the meter and the lead loop.
- Current transformer selection Size the aperture, check a candidate CT and match its output to the meter.
- kW to amps Convert kW or kVA to amps, or amps to kW or kVA, for DC, single-phase and three-phase circuits.
- kW, kVA, kvar and power factor Find the rest of the power triangle (kW, kVA, kvar and power factor) from two known values.
- Motor full-load current Find a motor’s full-load current from its kW or hp rating, efficiency and power factor.
- Ohm’s law Find volts, amps, ohms or watts from any two known values.
- Power factor correction Estimate the kvar needed to raise a lagging power factor to a target, and the current it saves.
- THD and TDD Calculate voltage or current THD, or current TDD, from measured harmonic magnitudes.
- Three-phase power Work out active, reactive and apparent power for a balanced three-phase load from voltage, current and power factor.
- Transformer current Work out the full-load primary and secondary current of a transformer from its kVA rating and voltages.
- Transformer losses Separate the loss that remains while energised from the loss that rises with current.
- Voltage drop Voltage drop on a cable run, and the smallest cable size that keeps it within 3% or 5%.
- Voltage unbalance Calculate voltage unbalance from three line-to-line readings using the NEMA method.
- Pulse meters: dry pulse vs active pulse Compare dry contacts, open-collector and active voltage pulse outputs. Check wiring, isolation, pulse timing and scaling before connecting a meter.
- Heat meter data monitoring and reconciliation Read the right heat-meter register, store it with its meter, unit and time, and reconcile the totals with the meter display and the network balance.
- P1 port guide: DSMR smart meter data How Dutch DSMR and Belgian eMUCS P1 smart-meter ports work, including the RJ12 pinout, telegrams, OBIS codes, commissioning checks and the DSMR6/X1 transition.
- Modbus TCP vs Modbus RTU Compare Modbus TCP and RTU for existing sites: transport, framing, addressing, port 502, timing, gateways and security.
- RS-485 vs Modbus vs RS-232 RS-485 is an electrical interface; Modbus is a protocol. Compare RS-232 and RS-422, and check the device requirements before connecting.
- RS-485 wiring, termination and bias RS-485 wiring for Modbus RTU: daisy-chain topology, stubs, termination, bias, A/B polarity, common conductor and cable length.
- Modbus register maps: addresses, data types and scaling Read Modbus register maps: holding/input registers, 40001 and zero-based addresses, 32/64-bit values, word order, scaling, status and unavailable values.
- Modbus troubleshooting: timeouts, exceptions and wrong values Diagnose Modbus timeouts, exception 02, incorrect decoded values and frozen readings, with raw RTU frames and timing at 9600 baud.
- Protocol gateway vs transparent bridge Distinguish serial tunnels, Modbus RTU-to-TCP conversion and translation between protocols such as BACnet and Modbus, with tests for each.
- 0-10 V signal scaling Scale an analogue voltage signal to engineering units, including spans that do not start at zero.
- 4-20 mA loop voltage Check a 4-20 mA loop has enough supply voltage at its design current.
- 4-20 mA scaling Scale a 4-20 mA signal to engineering units or back, including square-root flow.
- IEEE 754 float converter Convert decimal numbers to IEEE 754 hex and back, with Modbus register words in four displayed ordering patterns.
- M-Bus address planner Check an M-Bus primary address schedule for duplicates and reserved addresses before commissioning.
- Modbus address converter Work out which register a device map means: zero-based offset, one-based number or 40001-style reference.
- Modbus CRC and LRC Calculate the CRC-16 for a Modbus RTU frame and see the byte order on the wire.
- Modbus function and exception codes Look up any public Modbus function code, data object or exception code, with its request limits.
- Modbus register decoder Decode integer and floating-point values from Modbus registers in four displayed byte orderings.
- Modbus RTU timing Calculate character and frame timing on a Modbus RTU link, and how long a polling cycle takes.
- Pt100 and Pt1000 Convert between resistance and temperature for Pt100 and Pt1000 sensors, with tolerance class limits.
- Pulse meter scaling Convert pulse counts to energy and check pulse rate, pulse width and counter capacity.
- RS-485 termination and bias Check where termination and bias resistors belong on an RS-485 Modbus network.
- RTD lead resistance error Estimate the temperature error that lead resistance adds to a two-wire or three-wire RTD.
- Wired M-Bus segment Check unit loads, far-end voltage and bus capacitance for a wired M-Bus segment.
- Zigbee vs LoRaWAN for energy monitoring: when to use each Choose Zigbee, LoRaWAN or both for energy monitoring. Compare reporting needs, coverage, device classes and the integration work needed before deployment.
- What is SCADA? Architecture and energy use cases SCADA for energy sites: local control, WAN failure, protocol security, command evidence, outage recovery and a commissioning checklist.
- Cloud API vs local gateway for energy sites Compare cloud APIs and local gateways for energy data: call quotas, timestamps, outages, control, security and hybrid sites.
- Over-the-air firmware updates for IoT devices Plan Zigbee OTA and LoRaWAN FUOTA updates: delivery time, image signing, failure modes, campaign checks and field verification.
- IoT interoperability in multi-vendor systems Test multi-vendor IoT systems: protocol roles, register decoding, units, time, quality, security, recovery and a twelve-step acceptance check.
- IoT data privacy and GDPR compliance When meter and sensor data becomes personal data under the GDPR, and what that changes in the design, retention and export of an energy monitoring system.
- How to set a static IP address on Windows 11 Give a Windows 11 laptop a fixed IPv4 address to reach a ZGW-20 management port, check the link, open Edge and restore DHCP afterwards.
- How to set a static IP address on Ubuntu Desktop Use a second NetworkManager profile on Ubuntu Desktop for fixed IPv4, ZGW-20 management access and Edge; then restore the normal network.
- BACnet vs Modbus for building integration Compare BACnet and Modbus for buildings: data models, networks, discovery, units, control priority, security and gateways between protocols.
- BACnet/IP vs MS/TP Compare BACnet/IP and MS/TP: speed, APDU size, token passing, bus capacity, faults, routing and reading existing controllers in a retrofit.
- BACnet objects, properties and point lists Build a BACnet point list: analog, binary and multi-state objects, Present_Value, Units, Status_Flags and the PICS.
- BACnet device instances, addresses and discovery BACnet discovery with Who-Is and I-Am: device instances, network numbers, MAC addresses and diagnosis when a device does not appear.
- BACnet routing, BBMDs and foreign devices BACnet across networks: routers, network numbers, BBMD broadcast tables, foreign device registration and discovery across IP subnets.
- BACnet COV vs polling, and data freshness Compare BACnet COV subscriptions and polling: change increments, subscription lifetimes, network load and checks for stale values.
- BACnet priority arrays and relinquish BACnet command priorities: the 16 slots, releasing commands with NULL, Relinquish_Default and testing writes without leaving an override.
- OPC UA vs MQTT vs Modbus Compare OPC UA, MQTT and Modbus: data models, status, timestamps, security, ports, one meter reading across all three and commissioning failure tests.
- MQTT QoS, retained messages and stale data MQTT QoS 0, 1 and 2: acknowledgements, retained messages, persistent sessions, last will, message expiry and checks for stale telemetry.
- What is MQTTS? MQTT over TLS for energy IoT Understand MQTT over TLS: certificates, broker identity, topic access, QoS limits and commissioning checks for trustworthy energy IoT data.
- OPC UA clients, servers and node identity OPC UA data identity: clients, servers, endpoints, security, NodeIds, namespace indexes, status, timestamps and point checks after a restart.
- OPC DA vs OPC UA: differences and migration Compare OPC DA (OPC Classic) and OPC UA: three migration paths, item-to-node mapping, preserving quality and timestamps, and cutover tests.
- Choosing grid communications: IEC 101, IEC 104 and IEC 61850 Compare telecontrol, MMS, GOOSE and sampled values for RTUs, solar plants, batteries and switchgear. Define the point list and acceptance tests.
- IEC 60870-5-101 vs IEC 60870-5-104 Compare IEC 101 serial polling and IEC 104 on TCP port 2404: k, w, t0–t3, field sizes, time tags, point encodings, tunnels and converters.
- IEC 60870 ASDUs, causes of transmission and addresses Read IEC 101/104 point lists: type identification, cause of transmission, common and information object addresses, plus an IEC 104 frame decode.
- IEC 60870 timestamps and quality descriptors IEC 101/104 time and quality: CP56Time2a, invalid and summer-time bits, plus overflow, blocked, substituted, not topical and invalid quality flags.
- IEC 60870 commands, select-before-operate and confirmation IEC 101/104 commands: direct execute, select-before-operate, activation confirmation, termination, qualifiers and checks of the real equipment state.
- IEC 61850: data models, MMS, GOOSE and SCL IEC 61850: logical devices and nodes, MMS reporting, GOOSE, sampled values, SCL files (ICD, SCD, CID) and comparison with IEC 60870-5-104.
- IoT sensor data: timestamps, quality and gaps Define IoT sensor data: point identity, units, source timestamps, quality, stale limits, counter rollover, outages and commissioning tests.
- Telemetry timestamps, source time and arrival time Sensor timestamps: source, collection and arrival time, interval labels, time zones, clock sync, late data and duplicates in energy telemetry.
- Stale, missing and invalid telemetry Distinguish stale, missing, invalid and estimated sensor readings, display their status, and handle their effects on totals, charts and alarms.
- IoT data storage: architecture and options Compare IoT databases, edge history, replay queues and cloud archives. Size storage, define retention and verify delivery and recovery before deployment.
- Store-and-forward buffer sizing for edge gateways Size a gateway buffer: record rate, outage duration, bytes per record, drain time after recovery, retention limits and full-queue behaviour.
- Industrial polling, backpressure and retries How to budget polling on an RS-485 bus or a Modbus TCP gateway: transactions per cycle, the cost of an offline device, overdue reads and safe retries.
- dBm to mW and watts Convert radio power between dBm, milliwatts and watts.
- Fresnel zone clearance Check the space around a radio path, beyond a clear line of sight.
- LoRa airtime See how payload size and radio settings change the time each packet occupies the channel.
- Wireless link budget Add radio gains and losses, then compare received power with receiver sensitivity.
- What is a virtual power plant? How a virtual power plant pools batteries, generators and flexible loads across sites: grid-service measurements and a worked availability example.
- Peak shaving vs load shifting Peak shaving and load shifting priced for a process load and a battery, with the demand interval, Irish and GB capacity charges, rebound and measurement.
- EVs as grid assets: V1G, V2G, V2H and V2B V1G, V2G, vehicle-to-home and building: power levels, standards, connection rules, a worked headroom example and site measurement needs.
- OCPP for EV charging networks OCPP between chargers and management systems: 1.6, 2.0.1 and 2.1 differences, charging profiles and behaviour when limits stop arriving.
- IoT in demand response: signals, control and verification How a site receives a demand response instruction, changes its load safely and proves what it delivered, and what metering and control each step needs.
- Demand response baselines and measurement Measure demand response: DFS P376 and self-nominated baselines, capped same-day adjustment, baseline accuracy and evidence of delivery.
- Dynamic frequency response services explained How GB Dynamic Containment, Moderation and Regulation differ from static response, and what a battery site must measure, control and record to deliver them.
- What is FCAS? Australian frequency services and measurement Australia's ten NEM FCAS markets: MASS measurement rules, controller settings, sign conventions and a battery and controllable-load droop example.
- BESS control: BMS, EMS and PCS explained BMS, PCS and EMS roles in battery storage: limit ownership, data to read, site control and integration with flexibility services.
- BESS control: verify commands and the asset response Verify battery commands from request to metered response: clock synchronisation, a 500 kW example, expiry handling and commissioning tests.
- Local control: interlocks and a failure matrix Plan local gateway control: authority, interlocks, lost links, stale data, timeouts, restarts and tests before enabling automation.
- UK G99 grid connection requirements G99 Issue 2 scope, how Types A to D are assigned, interface protection settings, storage rules, G100 export limits and the records a connection needs.
- Ireland RESS 6: project monitoring and auction dates Current RESS 6 auction dates, the roles of metering and operational monitoring, and a practical evidence plan for Irish wind, solar and hybrid projects.
- Spain: independent aggregation and demand response What Royal Decree 88/2026 changes for independent aggregation in Spain, which implementation steps still matter, and the site data needed for demand response.
- France NEBCO: demand flexibility and load shifting How France's NEBCO rules value demand reduction, anticipation and deferred consumption, and the metering, baseline and control records a flexible site needs.
- Section 14a EnWG: controllable devices and network charges German Section 14a EnWG: devices in scope, minimum power during DSO control, three network-charge modules and the control box interface.
- Dutch Realtime Interface (RTI) for generation above 1 MW Dutch RTI connections: customer endpoint duties, setpoints, lost-link behaviour and the boundary with plant control and site monitoring.
- Renewable energy grid integration and stability Solar, wind and storage effects on voltage, frequency and system strength: GB, Irish and Australian events, worked examples and connection metering.
- Microgrid basics: components, operating modes and control How a microgrid islands and reconnects: grid-forming sources, battery reserve, load shedding, island protection, resynchronisation limits and what to measure.
- Appliance energy See what a fridge, heater or other appliance uses and costs each year.
- Battery charge time Allow for a running DC load, the battery charge limit and extra time at the top of charge.
- Battery LCOS Separate storage ownership cost from charging electricity and compare them per delivered kWh.
- Battery runtime Calculate energy above reserve and runtime, with discharge losses and the inverter power limit.
- Demand response event Measure the reduction delivered in a demand response event, any shortfall, and the rebound afterwards.
- Electricity cost Estimate an electricity bill with energy, demand and fixed charges shown separately.
- EV charging capacity See how many EV chargers a site can run at once, interval by interval, within its import limit.
- EV charging time Find the limiting power and compare charging times without assuming peak power lasts for the whole session.
- Germany VDE-AR-N 4105: low-voltage generation monitoring Plan German low-voltage generation monitoring without confusing owner telemetry with certified protection, commissioning or DSO requirements.
- Interval demand Turn the energy recorded in one demand interval into average demand in kW.
- Ireland demand side units: monitoring and system services evidence Ireland Demand Side Unit thresholds, testing, live signals and performance evidence for industrial sites, generators, batteries and aggregated demand response.
- Ireland SRESS: small-scale solar and wind project monitoring Ireland's SRESS export tariff: current project sizes, community and SME rates, tariff review, connection evidence and an operational monitoring plan.
- Italy CEI 0-16 and CEI 0-21: grid-connection monitoring Plan operational monitoring around Italy's current LV and MV grid-connection rules without replacing certified protection, DSO control or metering.
- Italy TIDE: monitoring distributed flexibility How Italy's TIDE consolidation phase separates BRP and BSP roles, uses UVAN and UVAZ aggregation, and defines baseline and evidence requirements.
- Italy: CER renewable energy communities and shared self-consumption Italy's CER/CACER rules: eligible plants, hourly shared energy, tariffs and 2026 PNRR milestones. See what monitoring can and cannot prove for GSE settlement.
- kW to kWh Convert kW to kWh for a running time, or kWh back to average kW, with the cost of running.
- Load factor Check how evenly a site uses its peak demand over a billing or reporting period.
- PV string sizing Check temperature-corrected module voltage against inverter limits, and parallel-string current against one tracker’s ratings.
- Solar payback Compare solar investment, fixed tariffs, self-consumption and degradation using transparent annual cash flows.
- Solar PV generation Model monthly solar generation from historical weather and your array layout.
- Solar self-consumption Balance paired PV and load readings interval by interval to find direct solar use, grid imports and exports.
- Spain SRAD: participation and response verification How Spain's current P.O. 7.5 governs SRAD participation, activation, telemetry and settlement, and which independent-aggregation rules remain pending.
- Intelligent energy management systems (IEMS) How to select an IEMS: measurement boundaries, local and cloud architecture, baselines, data quality, control responsibilities and acceptance tests.
- Finding and valuing overnight baseload How to measure the electricity a site uses out of hours, separate must-run loads from waste, value the avoidable part and verify a change.
- Measuring energy savings against a baseline Measure retrofit energy savings: adjusted baselines, regression, uncertainty, four IPMVP options and data to collect before the change.
- ISO 50001 energy management and the data it needs ISO 50001:2018 energy management: energy review, significant energy uses, EnPIs, baselines, data collection plans and supporting metering.
- EU Directive 2023/1791 on energy efficiency EU Energy Efficiency Directive 2023/1791: enterprise energy management above 85 TJ, audits above 10 TJ, action plans and key dates.
- EU data centre energy and sustainability reporting Apply the EU 500 kW installed IT power threshold, annual reporting scope and measurement rules for energy, backup generation, cooling and water.
- Germany’s GEG building automation requirements Germany’s current Section 56 duties for building automation above 70 kW: deadline, monitoring, open data, indoor climate and lighting control.
- Italy’s building automation requirements for non-residential buildings Italy’s current 290 kW building automation duty, the 2025 deadline, statutory exceptions, required functions and the recast EPBD’s 70 kW step.
- Ireland’s building automation requirements for non-residential buildings Ireland’s current 290 kW building automation duty, required BACS functions, enforcement position and the recast EPBD path to 70 kW and lighting control.
- France’s BACS decree: building automation requirements The current French BACS deadlines, systems in scope, required energy data and controls, inspection duties, and a practical retrofit measurement plan.
- France: room temperature controls and pipe insulation France’s 2027 and 2030 deadlines for room or zone temperature controls and pipe insulation, and how they differ from BACS and OPERAT.
- France OPERAT: tertiary energy reporting guide Who must report to France's OPERAT platform, the 2030, 2040 and 2050 energy targets, and how to build a reliable meter and building-boundary record.
- ESOS compliance and the metering behind it ESOS phase 4: who qualifies, the dates, the 95% rule, estimates, penalties, and a worked example of submetering the areas of significant energy consumption.
- SEAI EXEED grants and the metering they need SEAI EXEED grant rates for 2026, the retention that measured savings release, a worked heat pump example and the metering to fit before the works start.
- Equipment performance monitoring boundaries Define input, useful output, operating state and time boundaries before calculating pump, compressor, boiler, chiller or heat-pump performance.
- Condition monitoring from electrical data Use electrical data to monitor motors, pumps, fans and compressors: baselines, diagnostic limits and when to add vibration or thermal measurements.
- Environmental monitoring with IoT sensors Place temperature, humidity and CO₂ sensors where they answer the question, and know their response time, drift and missing data.
- Carbon emissions calculator Convert kWh of electricity or gas to CO₂e with dated, sourced factors or your own.
- Chiller COP Calculate chiller COP, kW/ton and EER from cooling output and electrical input.
- Compressed air specific power Calculate compressed air specific power: electrical input per unit of delivered air flow.
- Dew point and humidity Find dew point from temperature and relative humidity, or the reverse, with absolute humidity.
- Energy monitoring payback calculator Estimate the payback of an energy monitoring system from spend, expected saving and hardware cost.
- Energy unit converter Convert kWh, MJ, Btu, therms and toe, or kW, Btu/h, tons and hp, with every unit at once.
- EU EPBD 2024: building automation and indoor environmental quality Article 13 of the recast EU EPBD: BACS thresholds, required functions, indoor environmental quality, lighting control and national implementation.
- France CEE BAT-TH-116 funding for building management systems What BAT-TH-116 covers for French tertiary-building GTB projects: eligible work, class A or B functions, evidence, controls and the BACS boundary.
- France CEE IND-UT-134: industrial energy-performance measurement Current IND-UT-134 A35-2 rules for industrial energy-performance measurement: eligible uses, power limit, data intervals, history, alarms and evidence.
- Gas m³ to kWh Convert gas meter readings or volume to kWh using the calorific value and correction factor.
- Generator fuel consumption Calculate generator fuel use per hour and per kWh, and the average load over a run.
- Germany EnEfG: energy management, action plans and waste heat Germany’s EnEfG thresholds for energy management, published action plans and waste-heat records, with a practical measurement plan for industry.
- Heat meter check Estimate heat output from flow and temperature difference to check a heat meter reading.
- Heat pump COP Calculate a heat pump's instantaneous COP or measured-period performance factor from heat delivered and electricity used.
- Heating degree days Compare daily temperatures with a balance point and distinguish weather-dependent heating from base load.
- IP rating Decode an IP code: the solids and water numerals, the optional letters and what the rating leaves out.
- Italy: Conto termico 3.0 funding for building automation How Italy’s Conto Termico 3.0 supports eligible building automation: covered buildings, functions, rates, caps, evidence and application timing.
- Italy: mandatory energy audits and ISO 50001 Italy’s current energy-audit rules for large and energy-intensive companies: four-year cycles, 50 toe exemption, qualified auditors, Audit102 and ISO 50001.
- Pump affinity laws Estimate how flow, head and power change when a centrifugal pump's speed changes.
- Spain CAE: energy savings certificates and measurement evidence How Spain's CAE system turns verified final-energy savings into certificates: eligibility, baselines, evidence, verification and metering boundaries.
- Spain RD 56/2016: energy audits and metering evidence Spain’s current large-company energy audit rules: scope, four-year cycle, 85% coverage, registration, measurement evidence and the EU EED transition.
- Choosing an energy monitoring system Ten checks for commercial and industrial energy monitoring: CT error budgets, network limits, cost per point and pilot acceptance criteria.
- Energy monitoring project worksheet Plan a monitoring site: the decision, measurement points, measurement interval, data destination, outage behaviour and acceptance tests.
- Energy monitoring commissioning checklist Commission energy monitoring: point schedules, source-to-report tolerances, timestamps, daylight saving, failure tests, receiver checks and acceptance.
- Pulse meter commissioning and reconciliation Commission pulse metering: output circuit, pulse weight, maximum rate, known-count tests, recovery and reconciliation with the meter register.
- Wired M-Bus commissioning for heat meters Commission wired M-Bus: unit loads, bus voltage, capacitance, primary addresses, telegram records, failure tests and checks against the meter display.
- Modbus RS-485 commissioning Commission Modbus RTU over RS-485: device parameters, wiring, termination, bias, addressing, decoding, polling, data quality and acceptance checks.
- Commissioning 4-20 mA and 0-10 V monitoring Commission analogue signals: loop headroom, scaling, NE 43 fault currents, live-zero voltage, RTD transmitters, sampling and acceptance checks.
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